1. Isipatana.-An open space near Benares, the site of the famous Migadáya or Deer Park. It was eighteen leagues from Uruvelá, and when Gotama gave up his austere penances his friends, the Pańcavaggiya monks, left him and went to Isipatana (J.i.68). After his Enlightenment the Buddha, leaving Uruvela, joined them in Isipatana, and it was there that he preached his first sermon, the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, on the full-moon day of Ásálha. Vin.i.10f.; on this occasion 80 kotis of Brahmas and innumerable gods attained the comprehension of the Truth (Mil.30); (130 kotis says Mil.350). The Lal. (528) gives details of the stages of this journey. The Buddha, having no money with which to pay the ferryman, crossed the Ganges through the air. When Bimbisára heard of this, he abolished the toll for ascetics.
There, also, the Buddha spent his first rainy season (BuA., p.3).
All the Buddhas preach their first sermon at the Migadáya in Isipatana; it is one of the four avijahitatthánáni (unchanging spots), the others being the bodhi-pallanka, the spot at the gate of Sankassa, where the Buddha first touches the earth on his return from Távatimsa, and the site of the bed in the Gandhakuti in Jetavana (BuA.247; DA.ii.424).
Isipatana is mentioned by the Buddha as one of the four places of pilgrimage which his devout followers should visit (D.ii.141).
Isipatana was so-called because sages, on their way through the air (from the Himalayas), alight here or start from here on their aerial flight (isayo ettha nipatanti uppatanti cáti-Isipatanam).
The Migadáya was so-called because deer were allowed to roam about there unmolested.
Pacceka Buddhas, having spent seven days in contemplation in the Gandhamádana, bathe in the Anotatta Lake and come to the habitations of men through the air, in search of alms. They descend to earth at Isipatana (MA.i.387; AA.i.347 adds that sages also held the uposatha at Isipatana).
Sometimes the Pacceka Buddhas come to Isipatana from Nandamúlaka-pabbhára (MA.ii.1019; PsA.437-8).
Several other incidents connected with the Buddha, besides the preaching of the first sermon, are mentioned as having taken place in Isipatana. Here it was that one day at dawn Yasa came to the Buddha and became an arahant (Vin.i.15f). It was at Isipatana, too, that the rule was passed prohibiting the use of sandals made of talipot leaves (Vin.i.189). On another occasion when the Buddha was staying at Isipatana, having gone there from Rájagaha, he instituted rules forbidding the use of certain kinds of flesh, including human flesh (Vin.i.216ff.; the rule regarding human flesh was necessary because Suppiyá made broth out of her own flesh for a sick monk). Twice, while the Buddha was at Isipatana, Mára visited him but had to go away discomfited (S.i.105f).
Besides the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta mentioned above, several other suttas were preached by the Buddha while staying at Isipatana, among them
Some of the most eminent members of the Sangha seem to have resided at Isipatana from time to time; among recorded conversations at Isipatana are several between Sáriputta and Mahákotthita (S.ii.112f;iii.167f;iv.162f; 384ff), and one between Mahákotthita and Citta-Hatthisáriputta (A.iii.392f).
Mention is made, too, of a discourse in which several monks staying at Isipatana tried to help Channa in his difficulties (S.iii.132f).
According to the Mahávamsa, there was a large community of monks at Isipatana in the second century B.C. For, we are told that at the foundation ceremony of the Mahá Thúpa in Anurádhapura, twelve thousand monks were present from Isipatana led by the Elder Dhammasena (Mhv.xxix.31).
Hiouen Thsang (Beal: Records of the Western World, ii.45ff ) found, at Isipatana, fifteen hundred monks studying the Hínayána. In the enclosure of the Sangháráma was a vihára about two hundred feet high, strongly built, its roof surmounted by a golden figure of the mango. In the centre of the vihára was a life-size statue of the Buddha turning the wheel of the Law. To the south-west were the remains of a stone stupa built by Asoka. The Divy. (389-94) mentions Asoka as intimating to Upagupta his desire to visit the places connected with the Buddha's activities, and to erect thupas there. Thus he visited Lumbiní, Bodhimúla, Isipatana, Migadáya and Kusinagara; this is confirmed by Asoka's lithic records, e.g. Rock Edict, viii.
In front of it was a stone pillar to mark the spot where the Buddha preached his first sermon. Near by was another stupa on the site where the Pańcavaggiyas spent their time in meditation before the Buddha's arrival, and another where five hundred Pacceka Buddhas entered Nibbána. Close to it was another building where the future Buddha Metteyya received assurance of his becoming a Buddha.
Hiouen Thsang quotes the Nigrodhamiga Játaka (J.i.145ff) to account for the origin of the Migadáya. According to him the Deer Park was the forest gifted by the king of Benares of the Játaka, where the deer might wander unmolested.
According to the Udapána Játaka (J.ii.354ff ) there was a very ancient well near Isipatana which, in the Buddha's time, was used by the monks living there.
In past ages Isipatana sometimes retained its own name, E.g., in the time of Phussa Buddha (Bu.xix.18), Dhammadassí (BuA.182) and Kassapa (BuA.218). Kassapa was born there (ibid., 217).
But more often Isipatana was known by different names (for these names see under those of the different Buddhas). Thus in Vipassí's time it was known as Khema-uyyána. It is the custom for all Buddhas to go through the air to Isipatana to preach their first sermon. Gotama, however, walked all the way, eighteen leagues, because he knew that by so doing he would meet Upaka, the Ajivaka, to whom he could be of service (DA.ii.471).
Isipatana is identified with the modern Saranath, six miles from Benares. Cunningham (Arch. Reports, i. p. 107) found the Migadáya represented by a fine wood, covering an area of about half a mile, extending from the great tomb of Dhammek on the north to the Chaukundi mound on the south.
2. Isipatana.-A monastery built by Parakkamabáhu I. in the suburb Rájavesibhujanga, of Pulatthipura. Cv.lxxviii.79; but see lxxiii.151-5 and Cv. Trs.ii.18, n.3.