Mahá Kassapa Thera
One of the Buddha's most eminent disciples, chief among those who upheld minute observances of form (dhutavádánam) (A.i.23). He was born in the brahmin village of Mahátittha in Magadha, and was the son of the brahmin Kapila, his mother being Sumanádeví; he himself was called Pippali. At Ap.ii.583, vs. 56; but there his father is called Kosiyagotta.
When he grew up he refused to marry in spite of the wishes of his parents; but in the end, to escape from their importunities, he agreed to marry if a wife could be found resembling a statue, which he had made. Bhaddá Kápilání was found at Ságala to fulfil these conditions, and though the young people wrote to each other suggesting that somebody else should be found as a match for each, their letters were intercepted and they were married. By mutual consent, however, the marriage was not consummated, the two spending the night separated by a chain of flowers. Pippali had immense wealth; he used twelve measures of perfumed powder daily, each measure a Magadhanáli, for his person alone. He had sixty lakes with water works attached, and his workmen occupied fourteen villages, each as large as Anurádhapura.
One day he went to a field, which was being ploughed and saw the birds eating the worms turned up by the plough. On being told that the sin therein was his, he decided to renounce all his possessions.
At the same time, Bhaddá had been watching the crows eating the little insects, which ran about among the seamsum seeds that had been put out to dry, and when her attendant women told her that hers would be the sin for their loss of life, she also determined to renounce the world.
The husband and wife, finding that they were of one accord, took yellow raiments from their wardrobe, cut off each other's hair, took bowls in their hands, and passed out through their weeping servants, to all of whom they granted their freedom, and departed together, Pippali walking in front. But soon they agreed that it was not seemly they should walk thus together, as each must prove a hindrance to the other. And so, at the cross roads, he took the right and she the left and the earth trembled to see such virtue.
The Buddha, sitting in the Gandhakuti in Veluvana, knew what the earthquake signified, and having walked three gávutas (this journey of the Buddha is often referred to - e.g., MA.i.347, 357), sat down at the foot of the Bahuputtaka Nigrodha, between Rájagaha and Nálandá, resplendent in all the glory of a Buddha. Pippali (henceforth called Mahá Kassapa, no explanation is to be found anywhere as to why he is called Kassapa; it was probably his gotta name, but see Ap.ii.583, vs.56) saw the Buddha, and recognising him at once as his teacher, prostrated himself before him. The Buddha told him to be seated, and, in three homilies, gave him his ordination.
The three homilies are given at S.ii.220, "Thus Kassapa must thou train thyself:
Together they returned to Rájagaha, Kassapa, who bore on his body seven of the thirty two marks of a Great Being, following the Buddha. On the way, the Buddha desired to sit at the foot of a tree by the roadside, and Kassapa folded for him his outer robe (pilotikasangháti) as a seat. The Buddha sat on it and, feeling it with his hand, praised its softness. Kassapa asked him to accept it. "And what would you wear?" inquired the Buddha. Kassapa then begged that he might be given the rag robe worn by the Buddha. "It is faded with use," said the Buddha, but Kassapa said he would prize it above the whole world and the robes were exchanged. This incident Kassapa always recalled with pride, e.g. S.ii.221. It is said that the Buddha paid him this great honour because he knew that Kassapa would hold a recital after his death, and thus help in the perpetuation of his religion, SA.ii.130. The earth quaked again in recognition of Kassapa's virtues, for no ordinary being would have been fit to wear the Buddha's cast off robe. Kassapa, conscious of the great honour, took upon himself the thirteen austere vows (dhutaguná) and, after eight days, became an arahant.
In the past Kassapa and Bhaddá had been husband and wife and companions in good works in many births. In the time of Padumuttara Buddha Kassapa was a very rich householder named Vedeha and married to Bhaddá, and very devoted to the Buddha. One day he heard the Buddha's third disciple in rank (Nisabha) being awarded the place of pre eminence among those who observed austere practices, and registered a wish for a similar honour for himself in the future. He learnt from the Buddha of the qualities in which Nisabha excelled the Buddha himself, and determined to obtain them. With this end in view, during birth after birth, he expended all his energies in goods deeds. Ninety one kappas ago; in the time of Vipassí Buddha, he was the brahmin Ekasátaka and Bhaddá was his wife. In the interval between Konágamana and Kassapa Buddhas he was a setthiputta. He married Bhaddá, but because of an evil deed she had done in the past (see Bhaddá Kápilání), she became unattractive to him and he left her, taking her as wife again when she became attractive. Having seen from what had happened to his wife how great was the power of the Buddhas, the setthiputta wrapped Kassapa Buddha's golden cetiya with costly robes and decked it with golden lotuses, each the size of a cartwheel.
The Therí Apadána (Ap.ii.582. vs. 47-51) gives an account of two more of his lives, one as Sumitta and the other as Koliyaputta, in both of which he and his wife ministered to Pacceka Buddhas.
In the next birth he was Nanda, king of Benares, and, because he had given robes in past lives, he had thirty two kapparukkhas, which provided him and all the people of his kingdom with garments. At the suggestion of his queen, he made preparations to feed holy men, and five hundred Pacceka Buddhas, sons of Padumá, came to accept his gift. In that life, too, Nanda and his queen renounced the world and became ascetics, and having developed the jhánas, were reborn in the Brahma world.
This account of Kassapa's last life and his previous life is compiled from AA.i.92ff.; SA.ii.135ff.; ThagA.ii.134ff.; Ap.ii.578ff. Ap.i.33ff. gives other particulars - that he made offerings at Padumuttara's funeral pyre and that he was once a king named Ubbiddha in the city of Rammaka; see also ApA.i.209f.
Kassapa was not present at the death of the Buddha; as he was journeying from Pává to Kusinára he met an Ájívaka carrying in his hand a mandárava flower picked up by him from among those which had rained from heaven in honour of the Buddha, and it was he who told Kassapa the news. It was then the seventh day after the Buddha's death, and the Mallas had been trying in vain to set fire to his pyre. The arahant theras, who were present, declared that it could not be kindled until Mahá Kassapa and his five hundred companions had saluted the Buddha's feet. Mahá Kassapa then arrived and walked three times round the pyre with bared shoulder, and it is said the Buddha's feet became visible from out of the pyre in order that he might worship them. He was followed by his five hundred colleagues, and when they had all worshipped the feet disappeared and the pyre kindled of itself (D.ii.163f).
It is said (Mhv.xxxi.20f.; see also Vsm.430) that the relics of the Buddha which fell to Ajátasattu's share were taken to Rájagaha by Kassapa, in view of that which would happen in the future. At Pává (on the announcement of the Buddha's death), Kassapa had heard the words of Subhadda, who, in his old age, had joined the Order, that they were "well rid of the great samana and could now do as they liked." This remark it was which had suggested to Kassapa's mind the desirability of holding a Recital of the Buddha's teachings. He announced his intention to the assembled monks, and, as the senior among them and as having been considered by the Buddha himself to be fit for such a task, he was asked to make all necessary arrangements (e.g., DA.i.3). In accordance with his wishes, all the monks, other than the arahants chosen for the Recital, left Rájagaha during the rainy season. The five hundred who were selected met in Council under the presidency of Kassapa and recited the Dhamma and the Vinaya (DA.i.3f.; 5ff.; Sp.i.4.ff.; Mhv.iii.3ff). This recital is called the Therasangití or Theraváda.
The books contain numerous references to Mahá Kassapa - he is classed with Moggallána, Kappina, and Anuruddha for his great iddhi-powers. E.g., S.i.114; but his range of knowledge was limited; there were certain things which even Kassapa did not know (DhA.i.258).
The Buddha regarded him as equal to himself in exhorting the monks to lead the active and zealous lives (S.ii.205), and constantly held him up as an example to others in his great contentment (S.ii.194f) and his ability to win over families by his preaching. The Buddha compares him to the moon (candopama), unobtrusive; his heart was free from bondage, and he always taught others out of a feeling of compassion. S.ii.197ff. Kassapa's freedom from any kind of attachment was, as the Buddha pointed out to the monks, due to the earnest wish he had made for that attainment in the past, "He has no attachment to requisites or households or monasteries or cells; but is like a royal swan which goes down into a lake and swims there, while the water does not adhere to his body" (DhA.ii.169f.).
The Buddha also thought him equal to himself in his power of attaining the jhánas and abiding therein (S.ii.210ff).
Kassapa was willing to help monks along their way, and several instances are given of his exhortations to them (E.g., Thag.vss.1051-57, 1072-81, and his long sermon at A.v.161ff ); but he was evidently sensitive to criticism, and would not address them unless he felt them to be tractable and deferential to instruction. E.g., S.ii.203ff.; and at 219, when Thullanandá finds fault with him for blaming Ananda. See below. Kassapa had good reason for not wishing to address recalcitrant monks. The Kutidúsaka Játaka relates how one of his disciples, Ulunka Saddaka, angered by some admonition from Kassapa, burnt the latter's grass hut while he was away on his alms round (J.iii.71f.).
He was very reluctant to preach to the nuns, but on one occasion he allowed himself to be persuaded by Ananda, and accompanied by him he visited the nunnery and preached to the nuns. He was probably not popular among them, for, at the end of his discourse, Thullatissá openly reviled him for what she called his impertinence in having dared to preach in the presence of Ananda, "as if the needle pedlar were to sell a needle to the needle maker." (S.ii.215f) Kassapa loved Ananda dearly, and was delighted when Ananda attained arahantship in time to attend the First Recital, and when Ananda appeared before the arahants, it was Kassapa who led the applause (DA.i.10f). But Kassapa was very jealous of the good name of the Order, and we find him (S.ii.218f) blaming Ananda for admitting into the Order new members incapable of observing its discipline and of going about with them in large numbers, exposing the Order to the criticism of the public. "A corn trampler art thou, Ananda," he says, "a despoiler of families, thy following is breaking up, thy youngsters are melting away," and ends up with "The boy, methinks, does not know his own measure." Ananda, annoyed at being called "boy," protests "Surely my head is growing grey hairs, your reverence." This incident, says the Commentary took place after the Buddha's death, when Ananda, as a new arahant and with all the honour of his intimacy with the Buddha, whose bowl and robe he now possessed, had become a notable personage. SA.ii.133; Ananda regarded Kassapa in some sort of way as a teacher, and held him in great respect, not daring to mention even his name, lest it should imply disrespect (see Vin.i.92f.).
Thullanandá heard Kassapa censuring Ananda and raised her voice in protest, "What now? Does Kassapa, once a heretic, deem that he can chide the learned sage Ananda?" Kassapa was hurt by her words, and complained to Ananda that such things should be said of him who had been singled out by the Buddha for special honour.
Kassapa viewed with concern the growing laxity among members of the Order with regard to the observance of rules, even in the very lifetime of the Buddha, and the falling off in the number of those attaining arahantship, and we find him consulting the Buddha as to what should be done. S.ii.224f. At the First Council, when Ananda stated that the Buddha had given leave for the monks to do away with the minor rules of the Order, Kassapa was opposed to any such step, lest it should lead to slackness among the monks and contempt from the laity (Vin.ii.287f.).
Kassapa himself did his utmost to lead an exemplary life, dwelling in the forest, subsisting solely on alms, wearing rag robes, always content with little, holding himself aloof from society, ever strenuous and energetic. See also the Mahágosinga Sutta (M.i.214), where Kassapa declares his belief in the need for these observances; that his example was profitable to others is proved by the case of Somamitta who, finding his own teacher Vimala given up to laziness, sought Kassapa and attained arahantship under his guidance.
When asked why he led such a life, he replied that it was not only for his own happiness but also out of compassion for those who came after him, that they might attain to the same end. Even when he was old and the Buddha himself had asked him to give up his coarse rag robe and to dwell near him, he begged to be excused. S.ii.202f; but See Jotidása, who is said to have built a vihára for Kassapa, and entertained him.
Once, when Kassapa lay grievously ill at Pipphaliguhá, the Buddha visited him and reminded him of the seven bojjhangas which he had practised (S.v.78).
The knowledge that he had profited by the Master's teaching, we are told (SA.iii.128), calmed his blood and purified his system, and the sickness fell away from him "like a drop of water from a lotus leaf." He disdained being waited upon by anybody, even by a goddess such as Lájá , lest he should set a bad example (DhA.iii.6ff).
Owing to his great saintliness, even the gods vied with each other to give alms to Kassapa. Once when he had risen from a trance lasting seven days, five hundred nymphs, wives of Sakka, appeared before him; but, snapping his fingers, he asked them to depart, saying that he bestowed his favours only on the poor.
The story of Kálavilangika is an example of Kassapa's compassion for the poor. Once, after a seven days' trance, he went to the house of Kálavilanga and received alms from his wife, which he gave to the Buddha for their greater benefit. The Buddha took a portion of this and gave the rest to five hundred monks. Kálavilangika, received only a mouthful of the food left. The Buddha said that as a result he would be a setthi within seven days. Kálavilangika told this to his wife. It happened that a few days later the king saw a man impaled alive in the place of execution; the man begged him for some food, which he agreed to send. At night, when eating, the king remembered his promise, but could find no one bold enough to go to the cemetery. On the offer of one thousand pieces, Kálavilangika's wife agreed to go in the guise of a man. On the way she was stopped by the yakkha Díghataphala, who, however, later released her and gave her treasure, as did also the yakkha's father in law, the deva Sumana. The man ate the food and, when wiping his mouth, recognised her as a woman and caught hold of her hair. But she cut off her hair, and proved to the satisfaction of the king that her mission had been accomplished. She then recovered the treasure given her by the yakkha and Sumana; when the king discovered her wealth, she and her husband were raised to the rank of setthi (MA.ii.812ff.).
When Sakka heard of this, he disguised himself as a weaver worn with age, and accompanied by Sujátá, transformed into an old woman, appeared in a weaver's hut along the lane where Kassapa was begging. The ruse succeeded and Kassapa accepted their alms; but, later, be discovered the truth and chided Sakka. Sakka begged forgiveness, and, on being assured that in spite of his deception the almsgiving would bring him merit, he flew into the air shouting, "Aho dánam, mahá danam, Kassapassa patitthitam." The Buddha heard this and sympathised with Sakka in his great joy (DhA.i.423ff.; cp. Ud.iii.7).
But on one occasion so great was the importunity with which the monks of Alavi had wearied the people, that even Mahá Kassapa failed to get alms from them (J.ii.282). The Visuddhi Magga (403) relates a story of how once, when Kassapa was begging for alms in Rájagaha, in the company of the Buddha, on a festival day, five hundred maidens were going to the festival carrying cakes, "round like the moon." They saw the Buddha but passed him by, and gave their cakes to Kassapa. The Elder made all the cakes fill just his single bowl and offered it to the Buddha (This is probably the incident referred to at Vsm.68).
Sáriputta seems to have held Kassapa in great esteem, and the Kassapa Samyutta contains two discussions between them: one on the necessity for zeal and ardour in the attainment of Nibbána (S.ii.195f), and the other on the existence of a Tathágata after death (S.ii.222f). This regard was mutual, for when Kassapa saw the great honour paid to Sáriputta by the devas he rejoiced greatly and broke forth into song (Thag.vs.1082 5).
Kassapa lived to be very old, and, when he died, had not lain on a bed for one hundred and twenty years. DA.ii.413; AA.ii.596; he was one hundred and twenty at the time of the First Recital (SA.ii.130). According, to northern sources, Kassapa did not die; he dwells in the Kukkutagiri Mountains, wrapt in samádhi, awaiting the arrival of Metteyya Buddha (Beal, op. cit., ii.142f.). A tooth of Mahá Kassapa was enshrined in the Bhímatittha vihára in Ceylon (Cv.lxxxv.81).
He is several times referred to in the Játakas. Thus, he was
Mahá Kassapa was so called to distinguish him from other Kassapas (BuA.42; chiefly Kumára Kassapa, VibhA.60), and also because he was possessed of great virtues (mahanti hi sílakkhanda hi Samannágatattá).
Mahá Kassapa. An eminent thera of Ceylon, incumbent of Udumbaragirivihára, who, as the most senior monk, was in charge of the reform of the Sangha carried out by Parakkamabáhu I. Cv.lxxviii.6, 16, 57; Cv. Trs.ii.102, n.2.