A robber who was converted by the Buddha in the twentieth year of his ministry, and who, later, became an arahant. His story appears both in the Majjhima Cy., 743ff., and in the Thag. Cy., ii.57ff. The two accounts differ in certain details; I have summarised the two versions.
He was the son of the brahmin Bhaggava, chaplain to the king of Kosala, his mother being Mantání. He was born under the thieves' constellation, and on the night of his birth all the armour in the town shone, including that belonging to the king. Because this omen did no harm to anyone the babe was named Ahimsaka. The Thag. Cy. says he was first called Himsaka and then Ahimsaka. See also Ps. of the Brethren, 323, n.3.
At Takkasilá he became a favourite at the teacher's house, but his jealous fellow-students poisoned his teacher's mind, and the latter, bent on his destruction, asked as his honorarium a thousand human right-hand fingers. Thereupon Ahimsaka waylaid travellers in the Jáliní forest in Kosala and killed them, taking a finger from each. The finger-bones thus obtained he made into a garland to hang round his neck, hence the name Angulimála.
As a result of his deeds whole villages were deserted, and the king ordered a detachment of men to seize the bandit, whose name nobody knew. But Angulimála's mother, guessing the truth, started off to warn him. By now he lacked but one finger to complete his thousand, and seeing his mother coming he determined to kill her. But the Buddha, seeing his upanissaya, went himself to the wood, travelling thirty yojanas, (DA.i.240; J.iv.180) and intercepted Angulimála on his way to slay his mother. Angulimála was converted by the Buddha's power and received the "ehi bhikkhu pabbajjá" (Thag.868-70) while the populace were yelling at the king's palace for the robber's life. Later, the Buddha presented him before King Pasenadi when the latter came to Jetavana, and Pasenadi, filled with wonder, offered to provide the monk with all requisites. Angulimála, however, had taken on the dhutangas and refused the king's offer.
When he entered Sávatthi for alms, he was attacked by the mob, but on the admonition of the Buddha, endured their wrath as penance for his former misdeeds.
According to the Dhammapadatthakatha (iii.169) he appears to have died soon after he joined the Order.
There is a story of how be eased a woman's labour pains by an act of truth. The words he used in this saccakiriyá (yato aham sabbańńutabuddhassa ariyassa ariyáya játiyá játo) have come to be regarded as a paritta to ward off all dangers and constitute the Angulimála Paritta. The water that washed the stone on which he sat in the woman's house came to be regarded as a panacea (M.ii.103-4; MA.747f).
In the Angulimála Sutta he is addressed by Pasenádi as Gagga Mantáníputta, his father being a Gagga. The story is evidently a popular one and occurs also in the Avadána Sataka (No.27).
At the Kosala king's Asadisadána, an untamed elephant, none other being available, was used to bear the parasol over Angulimála. The elephant remained perfectly still - such was Angulimála's power (DhA.iii.185; also DA.ii.654).
The conversion of Angulimála is often referred to as a most compassionate and wonderful act of the Buddha's, e.g. in the Sutasoma Játaka, (J.v.456f.; see also J.iv.180; SnA.ii.440; DhA.i.124) which was preached concerning him. The story of Angulimála is quoted as that of a man in whose case a beneficent kamma arose and destroyed former evil kamma (AA.i.369).
It was on his account that the rule not to ordain a captured robber was enacted (Vin.i.74).
For his identification with Kalmásapáda see J.P.T.S., 1909, pp. 240ff.